On April 11, , Apollo 13, the third lunar landing mission, is successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, carrying astronauts James A. Lovell, John L. Swigert and Fred W. On April 11, , Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history, abdicates the throne, and, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba.
The future emperor was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Talleyrand was no fool. As the foreign minister to French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, he was one of Who knows how many other young men arrived in New York City in the winter of looking like James Dean and talking like Jack Kerouac?
It would have been difficult to pick Bob Dylan out of the crowd at first, considering how much he had in common with the other Bohemian kids However, she continued to write book reviews until , which were published in as A Month of Saturdays. The funny, sophisticated Parker symbolized Cherilyn Sarkasian, who was born on May 20, , first became famous as the taller, female half of the The White House press release gave the general's answer in full.
Noting the shortages of available arms from the United States, General MacArthur suggested "it is possible that the over-all interests of the United States will be better served by making these weapons available to increase the security of Japan rather than arming additional R.
National Police Reserve of Japan requirements, the value of attempting to organize, train and arm additional R. The long-range requirements for or desirability of arming additional R. In parentheses the White House noted that this statement of foreign and military policy had been obtained from the Congressional Record of April 5, although it was dated March 20, and had not come to the White House for review between the date of its writing and the time Representative Martin chose to make it public.
The implication was more than clear that this was the letter in which General MacArthur wrote himself out of a job. There had been no indication when the White House closed up for the day at about 6 P. The only development that could be said to give a hint of the President's attitude was the abrupt cancellation of an appointment arranged by Erle Cocke Jr. The interview was called off as soon as Mr.
Cocke announced publicly his strong support of General MacArthur's proposal to use Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Formosa-based troops to open a second front against the Chinese Communists on the mainland of China. Cocke also backed the Far Eastern commander's demand for authority to bomb Communist bases in Manchuria.
The White House stood on its dignity in discussing the Cocke incident. Joseph Short, Presidential Press Secretary, said that the Legion head had telephoned yesterday, reporting that he had just returned from Rome "and wanted to see the President before making any statement to the press. Cocke in which he informed reporters what he was going to tell the President," Mr. Short added. The appointment was canceled. But Mr. Short's statement left an area of doubt as to whether Mr.
Cocke was being left off the White House calling list because he had backed General MacArthur's policy or simply because he had offended the President my talking in advance of an appointment he had requested. He had accompanied the request with the voluntary statement that he wanted to see the President before he made any statements.
He insisted that the exchange be deleted before the transcript was released to the newspapers and published the next day.
American air power, in particular, was stretched very thin. The air defense forces are, I would judge, about 20 percent. Many Americans, and much of the world, imagined the United States had boundless military capacity. MacArthur had suggested as much, regarding air power, when he had told the committee that the U. Omar Bradley responded that George was quite mistaken—and, by implication, that MacArthur was quite misleading.
The Chinese were not fighting all out, not by a great deal. On balance, Bradley said, the limited nature of the war benefited the United States at least as much as it did the Chinese. Vandenberg amplified this point. The port of Pusan is very important to us. George Marshall, the secretary of defense and a five-star general himself, made the same argument. Marshall elaborated. If bombing starts, we have a great many conditions that will be far less advantageous to us.
Joe Collins, the army chief of staff, explained how Communist restraint had prevented an utter American debacle. The Tenth Corps was operating from the base at Hungnam, and our other forces were operating from bases at Pusan and Inchon. As soon as the Chinese attack began we were very much concerned about the fact that we would have to get that Tenth Corps out; and had we permitted the bombing north of the Yalu, we were dreadfully afraid that that might be the thing that would release the Russian planes, and additionally, have them give additional assistance to the Chinese, and might well have subjected the Tenth Corps to bombardment and possibly submarine attack during the perilous evacuation from Hungnam.
Troops evacuating from a port of that character, in commercial ships, are terribly subject to air and underwater attack; and in my judgment, it would be a much too risky procedure. Americans tended to believe that, having won World War II, the American military could dispatch China with one hand and whack Russia with the other.
Other testimony deleted from the published transcript severely undercut the idea that Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Nationalists would be of any help in a larger war. Marshall and the others roundly rejected it.
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